• Martindale-Hubbellยฎ Peer Review Rating: โ€œDistinguishedโ€
  • Martindale-Hubbellยฎ Client Champion โ€“ Gold
  • 5-Star Google Rating
  • 10.0 Justia Lawyer Rating
  • Top Lawyer in Consumer Debt 2022 โ€“ Phoenix Magazine
  • ThreeBestRatedยฎ Excellence Award โ€“ Best Business of 2022
  • ThreeBestRatedยฎ Excellence Award โ€“ Best Business of 2025

ROSENZWEIG LAW FIRM

Probate Avoidance Plan Attorney Serving Cottage Grove, Minnesota

Probate Avoidance Plan Attorney Serving Cottage Grove, Minnesota

Complete Guide to Probate Avoidance Plans in Cottage Grove

A probate avoidance plan helps families in Cottage Grove reduce the time, cost, and public nature of settling an estate after a loved one passes. Rosenzweig Law Office provides practical planning options that align with Minnesota law and local procedures. We focus on straightforward solutions that preserve assets, protect privacy, and provide smoother transitions for heirs and beneficiaries. This introductory overview explains how a probate avoidance plan can fit into your broader estate strategy.

Many families are surprised by how probate can delay access to assets and create added expense during an already difficult time. An effective probate avoidance plan reduces administrative burdens and helps keep important property transfers private. Whether you own a home in Cottage Grove, hold bank accounts in Minnesota, or have complex financial arrangements, planning ahead can minimize disruption and give family members clearer paths to follow when settling an estate.

Why a Probate Avoidance Plan Matters for Minnesota Families

A probate avoidance plan matters because it provides continuity and peace of mind when an estate is settled. By arranging transfers outside of probate, families can reduce delays and preserve more resources for heirs. This approach also reduces public exposure of personal financial affairs and can simplify tax and financial reporting. For those owning property or operating small businesses in Minnesota, careful planning can streamline ownership transitions and protect family financial stability during times of change.

About Rosenzweig Law Office and Our Probate Planning Approach

Rosenzweig Law Office in Bloomington serves residents throughout Washington County and the Twin Cities region with practical legal guidance in probate avoidance, estate planning, and related matters. Our approach emphasizes clear communication and tailored solutions to meet client needs within Minnesota law. We help clients evaluate options such as trusts, beneficiary designations, and property titling to reduce the need for probate while keeping priorities like family continuity, tax efficiency, and simplicity front and center.

Understanding Probate Avoidance Planning in Minnesota

Probate avoidance planning covers techniques that transfer assets outside the formal probate process, which can save time and reduce costs. Common strategies include revocable living trusts, pay-on-death designations, and jointly held property with rights of survivorship. Each method has different implications for control, tax outcomes, and creditor rights. A careful review of asset types, family circumstances, and long-term goals is necessary to select the right combination of tools for a Minnesota estate plan.

While avoiding probate can be beneficial, it is not a one-size-fits-all solution. Some assets may not be suitable for transfer outside probate due to tax consequences, creditor concerns, or administrative complexity. It is important to balance the desire to avoid probate with considerations like Medicaid planning, business succession, and the orderly distribution of personal possessions. Thoughtful planning helps ensure the intended outcomes are realized without unintended complications.

What Probate Avoidance Planning Means and How It Works

Probate avoidance planning refers to legal arrangements that allow assets to pass to beneficiaries without going through Minnesota probate court proceedings. This can be accomplished through tools like living trusts, beneficiary designations on financial accounts, transfer-on-death deeds for real property, and proper titling of assets. These mechanisms typically allow for faster asset distribution and greater privacy, though each option carries its own administrative and legal considerations that should be reviewed in the context of a comprehensive estate plan.

Key Elements and Steps in Creating a Probate Avoidance Plan

Creating a probate avoidance plan generally involves identifying all significant assets, reviewing current ownership and beneficiary designations, and selecting appropriate transfer mechanisms. The process includes drafting or updating estate documents, retitling property where needed, and coordinating beneficiary forms with financial institutions. Regular review is necessary to account for life changes such as marriage, divorce, or new children. Proper documentation and coordination with financial institutions help ensure the plan functions as intended when it is needed most.

Key Terms and Glossary for Probate Avoidance Planning

Understanding the terminology used in probate avoidance planning makes it easier to make informed decisions. Common terms include trust, beneficiary designation, transfer-on-death deed, and joint tenancy. Each term reflects a different legal mechanism with distinct rules and implications under Minnesota law. Familiarity with these terms helps clients evaluate options and communicate preferences clearly when arranging property transfers and updating estate documents.

Revocable Living Trust

A revocable living trust is a legal arrangement that holds assets for the benefit of designated beneficiaries and can be changed or revoked during the grantor’s lifetime. It allows property to be transferred to beneficiaries without probate and typically names a successor trustee to manage assets if the grantor becomes incapacitated. While offering privacy and continuity, a revocable living trust still requires careful funding and maintenance so that assets intended to be included are properly titled in the trust’s name.

Transfer-on-Death Deed

A transfer-on-death deed allows property owners to name a beneficiary who will receive real estate upon the owner’s passing without the need for probate. The deed must be recorded in accordance with Minnesota law to be effective and can be revoked or changed during the owner’s lifetime. This tool offers a straightforward path to avoid probate for residential property when used with proper documentation and legal guidance to ensure valid recording and alignment with overall estate planning goals.

Beneficiary Designation

A beneficiary designation is a form filed with a financial institution or plan administrator that names who will receive certain assets, such as retirement accounts or life insurance, upon the account holder’s death. Properly completed beneficiary designations supersede instructions in a will and can allow those assets to pass directly to named recipients without probate. Keeping these designations current and coordinated with other estate planning documents is important to ensure intended outcomes and avoid unintended conflicts.

Joint Ownership with Right of Survivorship

Joint ownership with right of survivorship means that when one owner dies, ownership of the property automatically passes to the surviving owner or owners. This method can avoid probate but may have tax and creditor implications and affect estate equalization among beneficiaries. It is important to consider the long-term consequences of adding joint owners, as this form of ownership alters control and can expose assets to the financial obligations of the co-owner.

Comparing Probate Avoidance Options for Minnesota Property Owners

Comparing legal options involves evaluating factors such as cost, privacy, control, and administrative complexity. Revocable trusts offer flexibility and privacy but require funding the trust. Beneficiary designations are simple for financial accounts yet require careful coordination. Transfer-on-death deeds work well for real estate but must be recorded correctly. Joint ownership avoids probate but can complicate ownership rights. Selecting the right mix depends on family goals, types of assets, and long-term planning priorities.

When a Limited Probate Avoidance Strategy Works Well:

Simple Asset Structures and Clear Beneficiaries

A limited probate avoidance approach can be appropriate when asset ownership is straightforward and beneficiaries are clearly designated. For individuals with modest estates composed primarily of bank accounts, retirement accounts, and a primary residence, updating beneficiary forms and using transfer-on-death tools can provide effective results. Such an approach reduces administrative burden and cost while offering timely access to assets for heirs without the need for a comprehensive trust arrangement.

Low Risk of Creditor or Tax Issues

A limited strategy may be sufficient when there is low risk of significant creditor claims or complex tax considerations. If the estate is unlikely to face disputes or substantial liabilities, straightforward transfers via beneficiary designations and appropriate titling can be efficient. This approach minimizes legal paperwork and keeps administration simple, while still offering controlled transitions of assets in many typical family situations across Minnesota communities.

When a Comprehensive Probate Avoidance Plan Is Advisable:

Complex Estates or Business Interests

A comprehensive plan is often needed for estates that include business ownership, significant investment portfolios, or multiple properties across jurisdictions. Those situations require coordination of legal documents, titling changes, and careful consideration of tax and liability implications. A broader planning effort helps preserve business continuity, protect family wealth, and reduce the chance of disputes by establishing clear transfer mechanisms and contingency plans tailored to the familyโ€™s goals and assets.

Family Dynamics and Long-Term Protection Goals

When family circumstances are complex, such as blended families, minor children, or beneficiaries with special needs, a comprehensive plan provides options for controlled distributions and long-term protection. Detailed documents can establish trustee responsibilities, distribution timelines, and safeguards to prevent mismanagement of assets. Comprehensive planning also considers Medicaid eligibility and potential future needs to provide a more robust framework for protecting family members and ensuring that wishes are carried out as intended.

Benefits of Taking a Comprehensive Probate Avoidance Approach

A comprehensive approach can deliver greater certainty and coordination across an entire estate plan. By combining trusts, beneficiary designations, and property titling, families can reduce the likelihood of surprises and conflicting instructions. This approach often improves privacy, speeds asset distribution, and can reduce the administrative burden on surviving family members. It also allows planning for various scenarios, such as incapacity, ensuring that decision-making authority and financial management are clear and legally supported.

Comprehensive planning offers opportunities to align asset transfers with broader financial and family goals, including business succession and charitable giving. Thoughtful coordination of documents and titles helps avoid gaps that might otherwise trigger probate for certain assets. The result is a smoother transition, less time in court, and stronger protection for beneficiaries. Regular reviews ensure the plan adapts to life events, changed laws, or evolving family needs in Minnesota and beyond.

Greater Privacy and Reduced Court Involvement

A comprehensive plan often keeps estate affairs out of public court records, which preserves family privacy and limits public access to asset details. By transferring assets through trusts and beneficiary designations, distributions can occur without formal probate filings. This not only protects personal information but can also save time for heirs and reduce emotional strain during the settlement process. Privacy is an important consideration for families who value discretion in financial matters.

Reduced Administrative Burden for Loved Ones

Comprehensive planning reduces the administrative load placed on family members who must handle estate settlement. Clear directives, properly titled assets, and designated decision-makers help avoid confusion and the need for prolonged court involvement. This can free surviving relatives to focus on personal matters rather than legal processes, and it helps ensure distributions occur in a timely manner. Effective planning eases emotional strain by providing a straightforward roadmap during a difficult time.

Practice Areas

People Also Search For:

Practical Tips for Probate Avoidance Planning

Inventory Your Assets and Titles

Begin by compiling a complete inventory of assets, including deeds, account statements, retirement plans, and business interests. Confirm how each asset is titled and whether beneficiary designations are current. Understanding what you own and how ownership is documented is the essential first step in designing a probate avoidance plan that works as intended under Minnesota law and local procedures.

Coordinate Beneficiaries with Estate Documents

Ensure that beneficiary designations on retirement accounts and life insurance align with wills and trust documents. Discrepancies can create unintended distributions or disputes. Regularly review and update these designations after major life events to keep them consistent with your overall plan and family wishes, thereby preventing surprises during administration.

Review Plans After Major Life Events

Life changes such as marriage, divorce, birth of a child, or relocation can alter the effectiveness of probate avoidance strategies. Schedule periodic reviews to assess whether trusts are funded correctly, deeds are updated, and beneficiary forms reflect current intentions. Timely updates help maintain the integrity of your plan and avoid unintended consequences for beneficiaries.

Reasons to Consider a Probate Avoidance Plan in Cottage Grove

Families consider probate avoidance planning to reduce delays, preserve more of the estate for beneficiaries, and keep financial affairs private. Avoiding probate can also lower administration costs and simplify access to assets when loved ones need funds quickly for living expenses, medical bills, or funeral costs. For property owners and small business operators, planning can provide clear pathways for ownership transfer that support continuity and family financial stability.

Another key reason to plan is to reduce emotional burden on surviving family members. Clear instructions and streamlined transfer mechanisms decrease the need for court involvement and reduce potential family disputes. Thoughtful planning also allows for setting conditions on distributions where appropriate and ensures that assets are distributed in line with your priorities and values while complying with Minnesota legal requirements.

Common Situations Where Probate Avoidance Planning Benefits Families

Probate avoidance planning is beneficial when families want to maintain privacy, when heirs need timely access to funds, or when a property or business interest must transfer smoothly. It is also useful for individuals with blended families or complex financial holdings that could complicate probate. Planning can address potential disputes and provide clear instructions for distribution, helping avoid lengthy court interventions and unnecessary expense.

Home Ownership Transfer

When a primary residence is a significant part of an estate, transfer solutions like transfer-on-death deeds or trust ownership can prevent the property from entering probate. These tools help ensure that ownership passes directly to designated beneficiaries without the delay and visibility of court proceedings, provided the paperwork is completed and recorded correctly under Minnesota law.

Small Business Succession

Owners of small businesses can use probate avoidance strategies to facilitate succession planning and minimize disruption. Properly structured transfers, buy-sell arrangements, and trust ownership allow businesses to continue operating while ownership changes hands. Incorporating business transition goals into a broader estate strategy helps protect livelihoods and maintain continuity for employees and customers.

Retirement Accounts and Life Insurance

Retirement accounts and life insurance policies with clear beneficiary designations can pass outside probate, expediting distribution to named recipients. Keeping beneficiary forms current and coordinated with other estate documents prevents unintended outcomes. These designations should be reviewed regularly to reflect life changes and ensure that funds reach the intended beneficiaries without court involvement.

Family_Portrait.jpg

We're Here to Help with Probate Avoidance Planning

Rosenzweig Law Office provides clients in Cottage Grove and surrounding areas with thoughtful guidance on avoiding probate and protecting family assets. We help identify appropriate tools, coordinate documents, and communicate with financial institutions to implement a plan that aligns with your goals. Our aim is to make the process understandable and manageable so families feel confident that their affairs are in order and able to transition smoothly when the time comes.

Why Choose Our Firm for Probate Avoidance Planning

Clients choose Rosenzweig Law Office for clear, practical legal guidance tailored to Minnesota families and business owners. We focus on listening to client priorities, explaining options in plain language, and helping implement plans that reduce the need for probate. Our work emphasizes coordination of documents, proper titling, and periodic review to ensure plans remain effective as circumstances change over time.

We handle the administrative details of updating deeds, beneficiary forms, and trust funding so clients can focus on family priorities rather than paperwork. Our process includes a comprehensive review of assets, personalized recommendations, and assistance with documentation to reduce the chance of disputes. We aim to provide peace of mind by ensuring transfers occur smoothly and in accordance with your intentions.

Local knowledge of Minnesota probate procedures and regional practices helps us craft plans that are practical for clients in Cottage Grove and Washington County. We coordinate with financial institutions, title companies, and other professionals as needed to implement a cohesive plan. Our commitment is to clear communication and consistent support throughout the planning and implementation process to help safeguard your familyโ€™s future.

Get Started with a Probate Avoidance Review Today

How Probate Avoidance Planning Works at Our Firm

Our planning process begins with a detailed inventory of assets and review of current estate documents and account designations. We discuss client goals and review options such as trusts, titling changes, and beneficiary updates. After agreeing on a plan, we prepare the necessary documents, assist with funding trust assets or recording deeds, and provide instructions for maintaining the plan. Ongoing review ensures the plan stays aligned with changes in family or financial circumstances.

Step One: Initial Review and Goal Setting

The initial review identifies assets, beneficiaries, and potential probate exposure. We discuss your priorities, identify gaps between current documents and desired outcomes, and recommend specific probate avoidance tools that fit your circumstances. This stage establishes a clear roadmap for implementing transfers and coordinating with financial institutions and title companies to ensure the plan functions as intended when it is needed.

Collecting Asset and Title Information

We guide clients in gathering deeds, account statements, retirement plan information, and beneficiary forms to create a complete picture of asset ownership. Clear documentation of how each asset is owned or titled reveals which items may pass through probate and which can be transferred directly. This organized approach helps identify the most efficient strategies for reducing probate exposure and simplifies subsequent implementation steps.

Discussing Family Needs and Distribution Goals

We discuss family composition, special needs, and distribution preferences to ensure transfer mechanisms align with long-term goals. Identifying potential conflicts, anticipated expenses, and priorities for heirs helps shape the planโ€™s structure. These conversations inform whether to use trusts, beneficiary designations, or titling changes to meet objectives while managing tax and creditor considerations under Minnesota law.

Step Two: Document Preparation and Title Coordination

Once a plan is selected, we draft the necessary documents such as trust agreements, transfer-on-death deeds, and updated beneficiary forms. We also coordinate with banks, brokerage firms, and title companies to retitle assets where appropriate. This step ensures that legal instruments are properly prepared, executed, and recorded, reducing the chance that assets will unintentionally remain subject to probate.

Drafting and Reviewing Documents

We prepare clear and legally compliant documents tailored to client goals, and provide time to review and approve the paperwork. This includes ensuring trust provisions, deed language, and beneficiary forms are consistent and reflect current wishes. Careful drafting helps avoid ambiguities that can lead to disputes or unintended outcomes after death or incapacity.

Assisting with Recordings and Institutional Updates

We assist clients in recording deeds, submitting beneficiary forms to account holders, and updating titling where necessary. Working directly with relevant institutions reduces administrative hurdles and confirms that transfers will proceed as planned. These follow-through actions are essential to make the avoidance strategies effective and to provide clients with confidence that their plan is operational.

Step Three: Ongoing Review and Plan Maintenance

After implementation, periodic reviews ensure the plan continues to meet objectives and responds to life changes. We recommend reviewing documents after major events such as marriage, divorce, births, or changes in asset holdings. Ongoing maintenance helps prevent drift between intentions and legal documents, and ensures probate avoidance mechanisms remain effective under evolving circumstances.

Periodic Reviews and Updates

We schedule reviews to confirm beneficiary designations, trust funding, and deed recordings remain accurate and current. During these sessions we address any changes in family dynamics or assets and recommend updates to keep the plan aligned with evolving priorities. Regular attention to these items preserves the planโ€™s effectiveness and reduces the risk of unanticipated probate exposure.

Adapting the Plan to Changing Laws or Circumstances

Law and financial conditions change over time, and so may family circumstances. We help clients adjust the plan to reflect legislative updates, tax changes, or shifts in family needs. Proactive adjustments maintain the planโ€™s goals and ensure that transfers continue to occur as intended without unnecessary court involvement.

WHO

we

ARE

Seasoned, flat-fee counsel you can count on.
Barry Rosenzweig has served Minnesota and Arizona for three decades, guiding 3,000 clients through bankruptcy, real estate, estate planning, tax resolution and business matters with clear communication and practical strategies.

From first call to final signature, we keep the process simple, predictable and affordable. Most matters can be handled remotely or in one short meeting, and you’ll always know your next step and your cost before you decide.

WHY HIRE US

5-Star Reviews
1 +
Minnesota Residents Helped
1 's
Legal Services
1 +
Years of Experience
1 +

The Proof is in Our Performance

Legal Services in MN

Where Legal Challenges Meet Proven Solutions

Estate Planning

At Rosenzweig Law, we design personalized estate plans for Minnesota families to protect their assets and loved ones. Our attorneys craft clear, effective plans โ€” including wills, trusts, and powers of attorney โ€” to honor your wishes, reduce complications, and ensure your legacy is preserved with confidence and peace of mind.

Probate

Rosenzweig Law Office guides Bloomington and Minnesota families through probate with organized filings, clear timelines, and practical solut

Tax Resolution

Rosenzweig Law Office helps Minnesota buyers, sellers, and businesses with real estate transactions, title issues, and closings. Clear guida

Bankruptcy

Rosenzweig Law Office guides Bloomington and Minnesota clients through bankruptcy options, timelines, and protections. Learn how the automat

Business

Rosenzweig Law Office provides practical business law services in Minnesota, helping companies with formation, contracts, transactions, comp

Probate

At Rosenzweig Law in Minnesota, we provide full-service probate guidance to help families settle estates with clarity and care. From asset inventory and administration to creditor notices and distribution, we handle every step efficiently. Our team works to minimize costs, avoid conflicts, and protect your familyโ€™s inheritance throughout the process.

What We DO

Comprehensive Legal Services by Practice Area
Barry Law - What We Do

Frequently Asked Questions About Probate Avoidance Plans

What is a probate avoidance plan and how does it differ from a will?

A probate avoidance plan consists of legal arrangements designed to allow assets to transfer outside the formal probate process, typically through trusts, beneficiary designations, or properly timed property transfers. A will outlines how property should be distributed and often must pass through probate to be enforced, whereas probate avoidance tools can speed distribution and reduce public disclosure. Each approach serves different needs and can be used together depending on your objectives. Selecting the right combination depends on asset types, family circumstances, and goals for privacy and speed. A will remains important for naming guardians and addressing assets not covered by beneficiary forms, but probate avoidance provides alternate paths for many common asset types to reach beneficiaries more directly.

A transfer-on-death deed can be an effective way to pass real property to a named beneficiary outside probate when the deed is properly executed and recorded in Minnesota. This method allows the owner to retain full control during life and revoke or change the deed as needed. It is important to follow statutory requirements and record the document correctly to ensure it is legally effective. While transfer-on-death deeds simplify real estate transfer, they should be considered alongside mortgage terms, potential creditor claims, and other estate planning goals. Coordinating the deed with the overall estate plan helps prevent conflicts with other assets and beneficiary designations.

Joint ownership with rights of survivorship can allow property to pass immediately to the surviving owner without probate, but it changes ownership rights during life and can expose the asset to the co-ownerโ€™s creditors. Adding another owner for the purpose of probate avoidance may have unintended consequences, including loss of control and tax implications. It is important to weigh these considerations before altering ownership interests. In some situations joint ownership may be appropriate, but careful planning is needed to avoid complications for beneficiaries. Alternatives such as trusts or transfer-on-death mechanisms may offer probate avoidance benefits while allowing more precise control over distribution and protection from external claims.

Beneficiary designations on accounts like IRAs, 401(k)s, and life insurance can override instructions in a will and allow assets to pass directly to named recipients without probate. Ensuring these designations are current and coordinated with other estate documents is vital to avoid unintended outcomes. Periodic review of beneficiary forms is recommended, particularly after significant life events. These designations should be considered as part of an integrated estate plan. When aligned properly with trusts and wills, beneficiary designations streamline distributions and reduce probate exposure while ensuring assets are distributed according to your wishes and family priorities.

Trusts are a powerful tool for transferring many types of assets without probate, but they do not automatically eliminate probate for every item. To be effective, trust assets must be titled in the trustโ€™s name or coordinated so that accounts and property are designated correctly. Assets that are not properly transferred into the trust may still be subject to probate despite the existence of a trust. Trusts also require ongoing maintenance and attention to ensure funding is complete and beneficiary instructions are current. Regular reviews and adjustments help maintain the trustโ€™s effectiveness and prevent unintended probate exposure for assets that were overlooked during initial implementation.

If a trust is created but assets are not transferred into it, those items generally remain outside the trust and may still be subject to probate. This common oversight can undermine the goals of a probate avoidance plan and lead to unexpected administration steps. Ensuring that deeds, account registrations, and other title changes are completed is essential to make the trust operational. We recommend a systematic funding process to confirm each asset intended for the trust is retitled or otherwise assigned correctly. Periodic audits of asset ownership help detect any items that were missed and allow for timely correction to preserve the intended probate avoidance benefits.

Reviewing your probate avoidance plan whenever major life events occur is a sound practice. Events such as marriage, divorce, births, deaths, or significant changes in asset holdings can alter the effectiveness of current arrangements. Regular reviews, at least every few years, help ensure beneficiary designations, deeds, and trust terms remain aligned with your priorities and legal requirements. Periodic reviews also allow for adjustments in response to legal changes or evolving financial goals. Proactive maintenance reduces the risk that assets will unintentionally fall into probate and helps ensure the plan continues to operate smoothly for heirs and beneficiaries.

Yes, probate avoidance planning can play an important role in small business succession by clarifying how ownership interests will transfer and by reducing delays that might disrupt operations. Techniques such as trust ownership, buy-sell arrangements, and coordinated titling can support orderly transitions and help preserve the value of the business during a change in ownership. Planning should address both legal transfer mechanisms and practical operational concerns. A comprehensive succession plan balances ownership transfer with tax considerations, creditor protections, and the interests of employees and family members. Integrating business transition planning with estate and probate avoidance strategies helps ensure continuity and stability for the company and its stakeholders.

Transferring assets outside probate can have tax implications depending on the type of asset and the structure used. While probate avoidance often reduces administration costs and delays, it does not necessarily change federal estate tax obligations or income tax treatment for beneficiaries. Some transfers may trigger capital gains or affect basis calculations, so tax consequences should be considered as part of the planning process. Coordinating probate avoidance strategies with tax planning helps balance immediate administrative benefits with longer-term financial outcomes. Consulting with legal and tax advisors ensures that transfer methods are chosen with awareness of potential tax impacts and overall financial goals.

To get started, gather information about your assets, titles, and beneficiary designations and schedule a planning review with a trusted attorney. During the initial consultation we will discuss your goals, identify probate exposure, and recommend appropriate tools such as trusts, deeds, or beneficiary updates. This collaborative process results in a tailored plan and actionable steps for implementation. After agreeing on a plan, we prepare documents, assist with funding trust assets or recording deeds, and coordinate updates with financial institutions. Ongoing reviews help keep the plan current so it continues to meet your objectives as life circumstances change.

Legal Services in Cottage Grove

Explore our practice areas